A Hidden Story Behind Historical Events

Is it a false, colorful tale that historians added to history to attract general audiences, or a hidden, unofficial account of historical events that expediency or censorship erased from history books?

History Service of Sefir Arjan of Iran (Ambassador of Arjan) - Anahid Khazir: The book "History and History" written by Lionel Gassman and translated by Neda Ghiashi was published by the publisher. This book is arranged in 8 sections. Wittgenstein, Popper and the story of Sikh Bukhari, novelistic and dramatic constructions of reality, the definition of anecdote, the first uses of the word "anecdote", support in historical writing, the truth of historical anecdotes, critical uses of anecdote in the historiography of the past and modern historians, the history of wisdom and anecdote constitute the book's titles. The end of the book is devoted to notes.

What is the story? A false and colorful story that historians have added to history in order to attract a general audience, or the story behind a hidden and unofficial curtain of historical events that has been removed from historical books by censorship or censorship? Kassman tries to answer the question of what is a story and what is its relationship with history by referring to some important narratives of Western history in the search for anecdote and history. Rather than being based on a detailed analysis, his way of working in this essay is based on questions and references that prompts the audience to think in going back and forth between historical and non-historical propositions from journalistic report to description of a philosophical event and makes his mind aware of the way of narrating events so that he constantly asks himself what the reality is and where these words are hidden.

Anecdotes are always closely related to historical narratives

Although the term "narrative" entered modern European languages relatively recently, and its definition remains vague to this day, short, self-contained accounts of specific events, whether real or fictional, commonly referred to as anecdotes, have existed for a long time. Anecdotes have always had a close relationship with longer and more detailed historical narratives, sometimes they are supportive as examples and sometimes they challenge these narratives as something suppressed in history (small history). Accordingly, historians' relationship with anecdotes varies depending on their purpose in writing history, either praising or ignoring them.

This suggests that the kinds of well-crafted stories that stick in memories and find their way into collections of stories depend on, and usually confirm, official views of history, the world, and human nature. On the other hand, loosely constructed anecdotes similar to short and often sentimental news stories have often sought to undermine official views and promote new views, either by providing sources that few people know and have not made their way into official chronicles, or by reporting "strange" events that official views of history, the world, and human nature simply cannot explain.

Anecdotes that have been passed down orally or borrowed from each other by their authors are often private and often unverifiable. For this reason, their validity and authenticity have generally been accompanied by doubts among "modern" historians, because these historians were supposed to use critical methods in their works, which were elaborated and developed at the beginning of the 18th century. Therefore, in comparing Herodotus and Thucydides, they did not see the title of the father of history as appropriate for Herodotus, but if we are to find the meaning of the story in what it says about general mentalities and trends, rather than its authenticity and validity, then even when its authenticity and validity are accompanied by doubts, it can still be considered in a way that enlightens the historical reality.

For example, Prosper Dubarant justified his way of working, which was the careful follow-up of chronicle reports, and his very popular book, the History of the Burgundian Dukes of the Valois family, was also written in the same context and based on the third decade of the 19th century, with the claim that "the simple-minded insight of the chroniclers is as important as anything historical in itself, because it has a lot to say about the thoughts and feelings of men and women of the past. Prosper Merimeh also had a similar justification for the story in the preface to the book of the chronicle of the reign of Charles IX. He officially declared that "Anecdotal is the only thing in history that I like." Traditional historians who see history as merely history, political, dynastic, and war would doubtless not consider this declaration "very respectable taste," but he himself "would willingly exchange Thucydides for an authentic memoir of Aspasia or one of Pericles' slaves."

Oral tradition does not adhere to verbal accuracy

Part of the feature that Burckhardt later attributed to myth in the book of Greek cultural history became an attribute for story; In other words, the anecdote was seen as a basically popular or universal innovation whose credibility is more than its accuracy to report specific and factual matters, it is proven in its ability to reflect the general view of that fact or general fact that forms the basis of those facts. Therefore, this was the real raw material for the cultural historian. Burckhardt himself established a link between anecdote and myth. He announced in a speech lesson entitled "Scientific Achievement of the Greeks" that "the oral tradition does not adhere to verbal accuracy, but it is a traditional tradition; In other words, the plot is not really the objective basis of the narrated events, but it reveals their inner meaning, something that is characteristic of them, something that has a common or popular human content, sometimes it is the story of all that remains from the long chain of events, incidents and characters.

In fact, historians sometimes stop short of quoting anecdotes they know they cannot verify. Voltaire tells a story about a priest who dared to criticize the king in one of his sermons in Versailles. The story culminates in a 'point', in a memorable quotation characteristic of the classic eighteenth-century story. Whether he said it or not. As can be expected, in Burckhardt's works, the "story" plays an explicitly historical role. The first part of the third chapter of Renaissance Culture in Italy recounts "an old tale of those who are true and false everywhere" to illustrate the "totally immoral" relationship between city governments and powerful condottieri in fifteenth-century Italy. In the next chapter, Burckhardt recounts a "legendary story" that, he says, "clearly echoes the atrocities" committed by the lowly tyrants of the fifteenth century. The hidden idea behind the use of such anecdotes is that even if they are not true from a factual point of view, their falsity and success in itself is a kind of proof.

Modern historians, short history and anecdotes

One of the researchers of English literature in an article that outlines a kind of proposed "history of the anecdote" concludes that the anecdote "as a narrative of a single event, is a literary form or genre that refers to reality in a unique style and context." Since the story does not refer to the reality through obvious pointing and display or direct description, it inevitably has a literary nature; However, Joel Feynman insists on the point that "an anecdote, no matter how literary, still refers to reality in a direct way or is rooted in it" and this "allows us to think of an anecdote based on its formal brevity and perhaps even its actual brevity as a historeme, that is, the smallest minimal unit of historical realism." has

His hypothesis, according to himself, is that "the story is a literary form that allows history to occur in a unique way by opening a window in the teleological narrative and thus the timelessness that has a beginning, middle and end. By placing an event inside or even outside the framework of the historical sequence, the story creates a sense of reality and the possibility of the event." According to Feynman, the Hegelian historical narrative is the "pureest model" of that type of "timeless" historical plan or macro-narrative, which the story disrupts by introducing the event and thus real time with an open ending. Although I cannot agree with Feynman that anecdote always had such a role or should have such a role by its nature, I think this theory is a good description of what role Stendhal meant for anecdote and what role anecdote has played for many modern historians and perhaps more precisely for "postmodern historians".

Why was history a derogatory term?

The loss of trust in the accepted macro-narrative or meta-histories (Jean-Francois Lyotard) of the 19th and early 20th centuries also provides the ground on which the Italian historian Giovanni Levi builds "micro-history"; That is, a modern historical form, or perhaps it is better to say postmodern, which seems to start most of the time from an anecdote or a narrative that comes from a non-literary source, such as a court or other archived documents. Here we can refer to the following books: The Return of Martin Gere by Natalie Davis (1983), Massacre of the Cats of Saint-Severn Street by Robert Darnton (1984), Village of Cannibals by Alan Carbone (1990) or The Trial Madame Q by Edward Branson, although its event took place in a more civilized social environment.

Despite the fact that during the golden age of Fernan Braudel, history was a pejorative word. One of the characters in the book Blue Flowers by Raymond Keno (1965) jokingly used this word for the lowest and most humble type of history until the 1980s for many historians showed the discovery of a new method as well as new objects and subjects in historical analysis and research. This concept indeed rejected the hierarchy of historical objects that historians even Voltaire still adhered to to some extent, but it was defined more by its way of looking at the whole of historical objects through microscopic lenses than by the pure, small-scale nature of its objects.

On the occasion of Hafez Day, the deputy minister of cultural affairs wrote: Perhaps the prophetic hadith "Inna minna al-Sha'ar al-Hikmah" (some poems are full of wisdom) refers to this holy capacity in linking artistic form with practical wisdom, and Hafez's poetry is undoubtedly the highest example of this meaning.

Two months after marriage, Fakhrizadeh went to Hamza Seyyed al-Shohda's camp in Urmia city with his family by the order of Martyr Mohammad Boroujerdi and after some time they returned to Tehran. He was also present in the battle fronts during the Iran-Iraq war. The main part of his activity was in the western front

The beginning of the activity of the children's department of Malek Publications is a step in the development of the publishing activities of this cultural collection in the field of children's literature and strengthening the connection of the new generation with Iranian Islamic history and civilization.

"Blood of the heart that was spilled" Ayatollah Khamenei's collection of memoirs from the years of struggle, prison and exile was translated into Armenian by the efforts of Maryam Zazian.

The chairman of the board of directors of Arvin Mehr Fajr Company announced that the presence of 280 companies in the 33rd Tehran International Printing and Packaging Exhibition has been confirmed.

The teacher always told his students: "A doctor should be with people and patients and think about humanity and the world community with an open mind, but first of all, he should be at the service of Iran and the people of this country. Leaving the homeland permanently and forgetting the homeland is a defect. Traveling is necessary to acquire knowledge and skills, but we doctors owe Iran and its people and we must serve inside our country. If you want to become a legend; Have work, effort, sincerity and knowledge."

The deputy of cultural affairs of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, by issuing a decree, appointed Ebrahim Heydari as the secretary of the 34th book week of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Alborz - Behind the face of Karaj today, there is a history of gardens, neighborhoods, scientific institutions, villages and the lives of people who have played a role in the formation of the city's identity. On Karaj Day, the need to record and recognize this heritage once again reminds the importance of books and research in understanding the past and connecting today's generations with it.

When the pen touches the things of the heart, the world does not disappear; A curtain is removed from the world. And at that moment, the Tarbnameh of love is written.

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Ali Asghar Seyedabadi believes in "When sparrows get anxious" that during war, not only the battlefield is damaged, but also memory, language, relationships, daily life, and all are affected by war. Another part that should be paid attention to in Seyyedabadi's writing is the use of words. We should ask him, when writing about war, to what extent did he pay attention to the historical, political and emotional load of words?

The fifth "City and Water" specialized meeting entitled "Water crisis and the future of Iranian cities; From the issue of water to the issue of governance" will be held in the cultural think tank of the Organization of Records and the National Library of Iran.

The 67th issue of the collection "Dar Qab Yak Sanad" is dedicated to the introduction of Naser al-Din Shah's order to build a camp between two camp in Qazvin. This decree reflects a part of the Naseri era's measures to organize postal affairs and speed up civil communications.

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Public Libraries of the country organizes the scientific-cultural event "Link with Nature" on the occasion of the International Day for the Reduction of Natural Disasters, with the focus on promoting the culture of nature protection and familiarizing children and teenagers with the environment, in public libraries across the country.

The play "Mental Lie" written by Sam Shepard will be read in the hall of Ostad Abbas Javanmard Theater House.

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Mohammad Reza Khaki believes that the translator must have a complete knowledge of the author's life and the way of writing his works and translate the book with sufficient information and knowledge.

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Fatemeh Sadat Mirrezi said: When a historian starts the history of Islam from creation, brings it to his own time through the history of prophets and previous nations, and then places it on the horizon of the end of time, he is actually not just reporting the past; Rather, it also interprets its present time in a larger historical whole.

With the presence of professors of Persian language and literature, the unveiling meeting and signing ceremony of "One went, one came, and other new works by Sadegh Hedayat" will be held.

Khorasan Razavi - The 19th of October 1405 is the 87th anniversary of the birth of the poet, researcher and scholar of Iranian literature and citizen of Neyshabur, "Mohammedreza Shafiei Kodkani". The following picture shows the graduation certificate of this enduring figure of Iranian literature from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which was issued in June 1344, with a score of 19 in the field of Persian language and literature. A document from the scholarly days of a man whose name still shines in the sphere of poetry and literary research in Iran and the world.